3 April 2025 The Future is the Product of the Past

Ritual Sacrifice of Pregnant Woman: Ecuador may Reflect the Community’s Fear of Her Power

In a remarkable archaeological find in Ecuador, researchers have uncovered the rich burial of a pregnant woman and her fetus, dating back approximately 1,200 years.

This significant discovery not only highlights the complexities of ancient burial practices but also raises unsettling questions about the circumstances surrounding the woman’s death. Analysis of her remains indicates she suffered a brutal fate, having been bludgeoned and dismembered.

The grave’s contents, which include the skull of another individual and a burnt offering, suggest a ritualistic element, leading archaeologists to speculate that the woman may have been sacrificed in an effort to appease an unknown deity.

In a groundbreaking study published in Latin American Antiquity, lead author Sara Juengst, a bioarchaeologist from the University of North Carolina—Charlotte, and her team delve into the enigmatic burial unearthed in Ecuador, dating back to the Manteño period (650 to 1532 AD).

The Manteño civilization, known for its intricate chiefdoms along Ecuador’s Pacific coast, thrived through a combination of agriculture and fishing. Although they were not a direct satellite of the Inca Empire, the Manteño people experienced significant interactions with the Incas, which influenced their cultural practices and beliefs. This research sheds light on the complexities of Manteño society and the rituals that may have surrounded life and death during this period.

At the Buen Suceso site, located less than six miles (nine km) inland in the Manglaralto Valley of Santa Elena province, archaeologists uncovered a total of six ancient burials, but the grave of a pregnant woman emerged as particularly striking. Estimated to be between 17 and 20 years old and approximately seven to nine months pregnant at the time of her death, radiocarbon dating suggests she passed away around the year 800, though her death could have occurred a few decades earlier or later. Examination of her skull revealed signs of blunt force trauma, indicating she may have died from a severe blow to the head, followed by further violence shortly thereafter.

A drawing of Burial 10 in situ during excavation by Kathryn Killacky, along with a schematic displaying missing elements (dark gray), disturbed elements (light gray), and the locations of mascaras (crescents) and pendants (squares). Image Credit: Sara Juegas / UNC Charlotte)
A drawing of Burial 10 in situ during excavation by Kathryn Killacky, along with a schematic displaying missing elements (dark gray), disturbed elements (light gray), and the locations of mascaras (crescents) and pendants (squares). Image Credit: Sara Juegas / UNC Charlotte)

In their meticulous analysis of the skeletal remains, Juengst and her team reconstructed the sequence of events leading to the woman’s tragic demise. In their journal article, they outline the process: “First, Burial 10 [the young pregnant woman] received a blow to the head (intentional or accidental) and died. Before burial but around the time of death, her hands and left leg were removed. She was then buried in an earthen pit with a mix of Manteño and earlier offerings. Later, the burial was reopened, whether through accidental discovery or because the spot was marked, and a burnt offering was placed on her chest. Although speculative, these activities seem the most parsimonious interpretation of the current evidence.” This chilling account not only highlights the violence surrounding her death but also raises questions about the cultural practices and beliefs of the Manteño people.

Human sacrifice was a rare occurrence among ancient coastal Ecuadorian populations, as highlighted by the researchers in their study. However, the unique artifacts discovered in the burial of the pregnant woman suggest that this may indeed have been a form of sacrifice. The grave contained an eclectic array of valuable items, including cockle shells placed over the woman’s eye sockets, crescent-shaped ornaments crafted from Spondylus mollusk shells, three obsidian blades arranged around her body, and a crab claw positioned on her abdomen.

Notably, some of the mollusk shells were found to be 2,000 years older than the burial itself, indicating their significance as highly valuable trade objects, according to Juengst. This unusual combination of offerings adds to the burial’s distinctiveness.

Artifacts discovered in the burial of the pregnant woman and fetus include crescent-shaped Spondylus shell ornaments, obsidian blades, and a crab claw. Image Credit: Sara Juegas / UNC Charlotte
Artifacts discovered in the burial of the pregnant woman and fetus include crescent-shaped Spondylus shell ornaments, obsidian blades, and a crab claw. Image Credit: Sara Juegas / UNC Charlotte

Adding another layer of intrigue to this discovery, the skull of an individual estimated to be between 25 and 35 years old was found near the woman’s shoulder, accompanied by a burnt offering resting on her chest. Radiocarbon dating of the burnt material indicates that it was placed in the grave between 991 and 1025 AD, suggesting it may have been added one or more centuries after the woman’s death. This deepens the mystery surrounding this ancient site.

“The fact that it was a woman who was pregnant might indicate that women held important positions of power, and thus their power needed to be ‘managed,'” Sara Juengst, a bioarchaeologist at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, told Live Science in an email.

In their study, the researchers proposed two potential scenarios to explain the woman’s death and burial. One possibility is that her sacrifice was linked to a period of intense El Niño events, which would have severely impacted crop yields. In this context, the woman’s literal fertility may have been seen as a means to ensure agricultural success. The researchers also noted that many of the artifacts found in her burial evoked watery environments, further suggesting a connection to vital natural resources and the community’s reliance on them.

Juengst, S. L., Rowe, S. M., Duke, G. S., Stumpf, M., Bowers, M., & Cruz, Y. Z. (2025). An Enigmatic Manteño Burial from Buen Suceso, Ecuador, AD 771–953. Latin American Antiquity, 1–9. doi:10.1017/laq.2024.20

Cover Image credit: Sara Juengst / UNC Charlotte

Related Articles

A Unique 2000-Year-Old Oil Lamp Found in Israel

5 May 2021

5 May 2021

Archaeologists have discovered a rare 2,000-year-old oil lamp in David, Jerusalem. Archaeologists have discovered a rare oil lamp, shaped like...

Remarkable Roman mosaic discovered near London Bridge in Southwark

22 February 2022

22 February 2022

A team of archaeologists from the Museum of London Archaeology have announced the discovery well-preserved Roman mosaic that may have...

More than 1,300 prehistoric burial mounds in western Azerbaijan systematically surveyed for the first time

2 January 2025

2 January 2025

Over 1,300 archaeological sites in Azerbaijan were systematically surveyed and documented in two field campaigns in 2021 and 2023 by...

Roman boat that sank in Mediterranean 1,700 years ago is giving up its archaeological, historical, and gastronomic secrets

8 March 2022

8 March 2022

The merchant vessel, probably at anchor in the Bay of Palma while en route from south-west Spain to Italy, One...

Archaeologists Unearthed Third Greatest Fire Temple Existing in Ancient Iran’s Sassanid Era

11 July 2022

11 July 2022

Archaeologists have unearthed ruins of what they believe to be the third-greatest fire temple in ancient Iran during the Sassanid...

Maya city Tikal put today’s urban gardens to shame

26 June 2021

26 June 2021

The Maya civilization was known for its achievements in art, architecture, mathematics, astronomy, and calendar systems. Tikal, the ancient Maya...

Ancient Roman Chalice Contained Pig Fat Discovered in a 6th-century Anglo-Saxon Tomb in England

11 December 2024

11 December 2024

During excavations in Scremby, Lincolnshire in 2018, archaeologists uncovered an enameled copper alloy chalice in a 6th-century AD female grave....

Medieval Love badge with the written “Love conquers all” discovered in Poland

18 February 2024

18 February 2024

Polish archaeologists have discovered a late medieval badge: a piece of tin shaped into a turtle dover and with the...

3,000-year-old Treasure on the Iberian Peninsula made with material from a meteorite

7 February 2024

7 February 2024

Scientists have recently discovered that some of the pieces in the amazing Bronze Age collection known as the Villena Treasure,...

A Giant Stone Panel Discovered in Mexico Reveals the Name of a Previously Unknown Maya King’s

14 August 2024

14 August 2024

Archaeologists from Mexico’s National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH) have discovered a fascinating panel containing an extensive Maya hieroglyphic...

Receding waters in Lake Van reveal rock-cut Urartian port

22 September 2022

22 September 2022

Located in the eastern province of Van in Turkey, the falling water level of Lake Van, with the decrease in...

6000-Year-Old Salt Production House Rewrites Europe’s History

31 March 2021

31 March 2021

Archaeologists in the UK have found an ancient stone age-era salt-production house in North Yorkshire, estimated to be older even...

‘Incredibly Rare’ Roman Mausoleum Unearthed Near London Bridge Station

13 June 2023

13 June 2023

Archaeologists report discovering an “incredibly rare” and featured preserved floors and walls Roman mausoleum near London Bridge Station, UK. Archaeologists...

Archaeologists Uncovered a Terracotta Commander and Warriors at the Mausoleum of China’s First Emperor

12 January 2025

12 January 2025

Archaeologists have unearthed a rare 2,000-year-old statue depicting a high-ranking military commander at the famous Terracotta Army site in China:...

Archaeologists found a medieval skeleton with a prosthetic hand in Freising, Germany

28 October 2023

28 October 2023

Archaeologists in the city of Freising in Bavaria, Germany, unearthed containing a skeleton with a prosthetic hand. The metal part...