8 June 2025 The Future is the Product of the Past

AI Unlocks Ancient Secrets: Dead Sea Scrolls May Be Centuries Older Than Previously Thought

New research blends cutting-edge artificial intelligence with advanced radiocarbon dating and offers a transformative perspective on the origins of the Dead Sea Scrolls.

A revolutionary study led by Professor Mladen Popović from the University of Groningen is challenging long-standing assumptions about the Dead Sea Scrolls’ age and authorship. Published in PLOS ONE, the research leverages cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) alongside enhanced radiocarbon dating methods to date these ancient manuscripts with unprecedented accuracy—some scrolls now appear to be up to 150 years older than earlier estimates.

The Dead Sea Scrolls, discovered in the Qumran caves between 1946 and 1947, represent the oldest surviving texts of the Hebrew Bible. Written primarily in Hebrew, with some passages in Aramaic and Greek, the scrolls encompass religious scriptures, legal texts, and ancient calendars, originally dated from the third century BCE to the second century CE.

Historically, scholars relied on paleography—analyzing handwriting styles—to estimate the scrolls’ age. Later, radiocarbon dating offered more precision. However, previous radiocarbon results were skewed due to a mid-20th-century preservation method that coated scrolls with castor oil. This new study revisited those samples, meticulously cleaning 30 fragments to remove contamination, with 27 yielding reliable radiocarbon results.

To push the boundaries of historical dating, the research team developed an AI model called Enoch, named after the ancient biblical figure associated with knowledge and wisdom. Trained on 62 high-resolution images from 24 scrolls, Enoch learned to identify subtle handwriting differences. When tested on 135 previously undated scrolls, Enoch’s estimates aligned with expert paleographers’ expectations 79% of the time.

“This AI technology is like opening a time machine to the ancient world,” said Prof. Popović. “It brings us closer than ever to the people who actually penned the earliest versions of the Bible.”

Enoch’s date prediction estimate for 4Q319. (a) from full spectrum color image to binarized image to 14C plot for 4Q259 that went into the training of Enoch. (b), from full spectrum color image to binarized image to Enoch’s date prediction plot for 4Q319 (see also illustration 9 in S5 Appendix). Red bars represent the probability of each date bin. The blue curve shows the smoothed distribution. Grey spikes indicate the local uncertainty of the estimate. Credit: Popović et al., 2025, PLOS One, CC-BY 4.0

One striking example is scroll 4Q114, containing excerpts from the Book of Daniel. Earlier studies placed its origin in the late 2nd century BCE. Enoch, however, suggests a date between 230 BCE and 160 BCE—potentially aligning it with the lifetime of its purported author.

Moreover, the study highlights overlapping use of Hasmonean and Herodian script styles, indicating a broader time frame for their coexistence than previously believed. In another significant find, a fragment of Ecclesiastes was dated to the precise era traditionally associated with its authorship—possibly redefining timelines in Jewish intellectual history.

Beyond the Dead Sea Scrolls, the research team sees vast potential for Enoch’s application in dating other ancient manuscripts, offering a non-invasive alternative to traditional carbon dating.

This pioneering fusion of AI and archaeology not only transforms our understanding of biblical history but also opens new doors for exploring humanity’s literary and religious heritage with precision and care.

Popović M, Dhali MA, Schomaker L, van der Plicht J, Lund Rasmussen K, La Nasa J, et al. (2025) Dating ancient manuscripts using radiocarbon and AI-based writing style analysis. PLoS One 20(6): e0323185. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0323185

Cover Image Credit: Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, complete, the Jordan Museum in Amman. Public domain

Related Articles

Two mysterious stone balls were found buried in a tomb dating to 3500 BC in Orkney

2 September 2021

2 September 2021

In Orkney, archaeologists discovered two carved stone balls in a tomb dating from 3500 BC. Archaeologists are on-site at Tresness,...

The sensational second discovery in Croatia: Greek-Illyrian Helmet 2500 years old

16 April 2024

16 April 2024

Archaeologists found a 2500-year-old Greek-Ilyrian helmet during excavations in the Gomila area in the town of Zakotorac on Croatia’s Pelješac...

A 1,500-Year-Old Roman Settlement Discovered in Bulgaria

21 March 2025

21 March 2025

In a remarkable turn of events, a team of archaeologists conducting preliminary excavations ahead of a transit gas pipeline project...

Detector finds rare Merovingian gold ring refers to a previously unknown principality

22 February 2024

22 February 2024

A metal detectorist has unearthed a very rare, 1,500-year-old Merovingian gold ring made of 22-carat gold at Emmerlev in Southwest...

Sensational Find: 900-year-old Picture Stone! Is Depicted Figure the Legendary Bishop Otto of Bamberg?

19 August 2024

19 August 2024

During construction work in Klotzow (Vorpommern-Greifswald district), one of the most spectacular archaeological finds in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in recent years has...

Israeli researchers uncover earliest evidence silver used as currency in Levant

9 January 2023

9 January 2023

On Sunday, Israeli archaeologists revealed that they had found the earliest proof of silver being used as money in the...

Ötzi the Iceman Had Dark Skin, Bald Head and Anatolian Ancestry -New study rewrites ancient history

17 August 2023

17 August 2023

New DNA analysis by German researchers shows that the famous glacier mummy Ötzi may have had dark skin, dark eyes,...

A 1,600-year-old indoor pool, the first of its kind, discovered in Albania

13 May 2024

13 May 2024

In the Albanian port city of Durrës, archaeologists have uncovered a 1600-year-old Roman indoor pool, the first of its kind....

A Byzantine Princess, a Mongol Khan, and a Church: The Bloody Church and Its Unknown History

13 May 2025

13 May 2025

Nestled at the base of the imposing Phanar Greek Orthodox College, a landmark intrinsically linked to the panoramic vistas of...

Archaeologists discovered a mausoleum dating back to Golden Horde era in Kazakhstan

8 July 2023

8 July 2023

Remains of a mausoleum dating back to the Golden Horde in the 15th century were discovered on the territory of...

Rare Tales of Merlin and King Arthur Found in 13th Century Manuscript

17 April 2025

17 April 2025

In a remarkable discovery, a fragile manuscript fragment dating back to the 13th century has been found hidden within the...

Illegal digs reveal rare Roman-era mass grave in Turkey

28 July 2022

28 July 2022

A total of 27 skeletons were found in a burial pit carved into the rocks in Adıyaman province, an important...

Tajik Buddha in Nirvana – the Largest in the World: 42 feet long and 9 feet high

31 December 2023

31 December 2023

In the past, while Taliban soldiers in Afghanistan destroyed two immense statues of Buddha, art historians in neighboring Tajikistan meticulously...

The first ivory work of art recovered from the World Heritage cave Hohle Fels was believed to be a horse – until archaeologists made a new discovery-

30 July 2023

30 July 2023

For more than 20 years, the first ivory work of art recovered from the World Heritage cave Hohle Fels was...

Newly discovered inscribed brick may reveal Elamite water supply system in Western Iran

15 January 2024

15 January 2024

Archaeologists discovered a brick inscribed with Akkadian script, marking the Elamite water supply system, alongside some intricately patterned bricks in...

Comments
Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *