8 October 2025 The Future is the Product of the Past

How Evolutionary Biology Is Reshaping Our Understanding of the New Testament: The Case of the Missing ‘Son of God

In the remote wilderness of Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula, a forgotten room revealed one of the most significant biblical manuscript discoveries of the 20th century. Now, thanks to evolutionary biology, scholars are uncovering hidden chapters in the story of the New Testament.

In 1975, inside the ancient walls of St. Catherine’s Monastery—home to the world’s oldest continuously operating library—researchers uncovered a storeroom of long-lost manuscripts in Greek, Syriac, and Arabic. Among them was a remarkable find: an Arabic translation of the Gospels that omitted a key phrase from the very first verse of the Gospel of Mark—”the Son of God.”

At first glance, this might appear to be a minor omission. But this variant is part of a much deeper story—one involving over 500,000 known textual variations across New Testament manuscripts. Now, a surprising scientific ally is helping scholars make sense of it all: phylogenetics, a method originally developed to track the evolution of living organisms.

What Biology Reveals About Biblical Texts

Dr. Robert Turnbull, a researcher at the University of Melbourne and author of Codex Sinaiticus Arabicus and Its Family, is at the forefront of this new interdisciplinary approach. “Just like genes mutate over generations,” Turnbull explains, “manuscripts accumulate changes—some accidental, some deliberate.”

Traditional methods of textual analysis have long relied on reconstructing “stemmas” or manuscript family trees by hand—a laborious process that could take years. But during the COVID-19 pandemic, scholars realized that the same tools used to track the virus’s mutations could be applied to manuscripts. Using phylogenetic analysis, researchers now compare textual variants the way biologists compare DNA sequences, revealing how scribes introduced changes across centuries.



📣 Our WhatsApp channel is now LIVE! Stay up-to-date with the latest news and updates, just click here to follow us on WhatsApp and never miss a thing!!



Monastery of St. Catherine, Egypt. Credit: Public domain
Monastery of St. Catherine, Egypt. Credit: Public domain

The Arabic Gospels and the Missing “Son of God”

One of the most striking findings comes from the Arabic Gospel discovered in Sinai. In Mark 1:1, where most manuscripts read, “The beginning of the Gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God,” this translation omits “the Son of God.”

This reading is not unique. Other ancient sources, including the 5th-century Codex Koridethi, show the same omission. “It doesn’t prove the original text lacked the phrase,” Turnbull notes, “but it highlights early Christian communities where the Christological emphasis was different.”

To place this Arabic manuscript within the wider textual tradition, Turnbull compiled a dataset of its variants and ran it through a supercomputer alongside hundreds of Greek, Latin, and Syriac manuscripts. The result? This Arabic Gospel appears to belong to the Caesarean text-type, a controversial group of manuscripts thought to have circulated in the Near East during the first millennium.

A New Era in Manuscript Studies

The Caesarean text-type has long been debated among scholars, sitting alongside the more widely recognized Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine text-types. But Turnbull’s analysis provides compelling evidence that this group does indeed form a distinct textual family—and that the Arabic translation from St. Catherine’s Monastery is a critical missing piece.

More broadly, the use of phylogenetics is changing how we study all ancient texts. “These methods go beyond the Bible,” says Turnbull. Researchers are now applying them to medieval literature like Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales and even the manuscripts of Roman historians like Livy.

The key lies in modeling how often different types of changes occur. Minor spelling shifts happen frequently; major changes—like inserting or omitting entire phrases—are rarer. By recognizing this, phylogenetic models can distinguish noise from meaningful transformation.

The New Testament Bible is one of the most complex traditions to survive. Picture: Getty Images
The New Testament Bible is one of the most complex traditions to survive. Picture: Getty Images

Every Manuscript Has a Story

What emerges from this approach is more than a digital family tree. It’s a clearer window into how ancient texts evolved—not as static, untouchable artifacts, but as living documents shaped by communities, ideologies, and individual hands.

The Arabic Gospel from Sinai is more than a linguistic curiosity. It’s evidence of how the identity of Jesus was framed differently in different times and places—and how theology, culture, and even geography shaped the way scriptures were copied and understood.

As Turnbull puts it: “The more precisely we can map how texts were copied and changed, the more clearly we can hear the voices of the ancient world.”

University of Melbourne

Robert Turnbull, Codex Sinaiticus Arabicus and Its Family

Cover Image Credit: Gaudenzio Ferrari’s Stories of the Life and Passion of Christ, fresco, 1513, Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Varallo Sesia, Italy. Depicting the life of Jesus. Public Domain

Related Articles

4th Century BC Greek Shipwreck Discovered Near Croatian Island of Vis – One of the Adriatic’s Oldest

10 July 2025

10 July 2025

A significant archaeological find has been confirmed off the coast of Komiža, near the Croatian island of Vis, where researchers...

Ancient Roman Fast Food: Songbirds Were a Popular Snack in 1st-Century Mallorca

11 June 2025

11 June 2025

Roman fast food, ancient Roman cuisine, song thrush consumption, Roman street food, Mallorca archaeology, Pollentia findings, Roman bird bones, ancient...

Storms uncover precious marble cargo from a 1,800-year-old Mediterranean shipwreck in Israel

15 May 2023

15 May 2023

Numerous rare marble artifacts have been found at the site of a 1,800-year-old shipwreck in shallow waters just 200 meters...

Delikkemer Aqueduct: A Roman Engineering Wonder Along the Lycian Way

17 May 2025

17 May 2025

Hidden among the lush forests of southwestern Turkey, the Delikkemer Aqueduct stands as a testament to ancient Roman ingenuity. Located...

An ancient “fridge” have uncovered at the Roman legionary fortress of Novae, Bulgaria

30 September 2022

30 September 2022

Polish archaeologists, during excavations at the Roman legionnaires’ camp in Novae, discovered a container that could be described as an...

New rune discovery in Oslo

16 February 2022

16 February 2022

For the third time in a month and a half, archaeologists have found a new rune in Oslo. The artifact...

Bidnija olive trees have seen medieval, not the Roman period

13 July 2021

13 July 2021

The olive trees in the Bidnija grove on the island of Malta are believed to be 2000 years old. But...

1,600-year-old fragment Of Enigmatic Roman Artifact Discovered In Belgium

17 February 2023

17 February 2023

A metal detectorist in Belgium discovered a piece of a mysterious bronze artifact known as a Roman dodecahedron, which is...

Lost 14th Century Church Discovered under a Tennis Court in Hungary

14 May 2024

14 May 2024

During an archaeological excavation in Visegrád, a fortified medieval castle on a hill overlooking the Danube in northern Hungary, the...

Sixth-Century Sword Unearthed in Anglo-Saxon Cemetery near Canterbury, England

28 December 2024

28 December 2024

A spectacular sixth-century sword has been unearthed in an Anglo-Saxon cemetery in southeast England, and archaeologists say it is in...

The circular-shaped structure unearthed in Uşaklı mound may point to the holy Hittite city of Zippalanda

27 December 2022

27 December 2022

Italian-Turkish team of archaeologists led by the University of Pisa unearthed a mysterious circle-shaped structure from the Hittite era at...

“No Easy Way from Earth to the Stars”: Malta’s Prehistoric Temples (3800–2400 BCE) May Have Served as Celestial Navigation Schools

26 June 2025

26 June 2025

A new open-access study published in Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences has reignited the debate surrounding the purpose and cosmic alignment...

A new study in Portugal suggests that mummification in Europe may be older than previously thought

3 March 2022

3 March 2022

New research on the hunter-gatherer burial sites in the Sado Valley in Portugal, dating to 8,000 years ago, suggests that...

A Big, Round, 4,000-Year-Old Stone Building Discovered on a Cretan Hilltop

12 June 2024

12 June 2024

During excavations for an airport on Greece’s largest island of Crete, a large circular monument dating back 4000 years was...

Excavations Near Stonehenge Uncover Bronze Age Barrow Cemetery

4 June 2023

4 June 2023

The Cotswold Archeology team excavating at the site of a planned housing development near Salisbury, England, has unearthed a giant...