22 August 2025 The Future is the Product of the Past

Frozen but Not Forgotten: 2,500-Year-Old Tattoos of Siberian Ice Mummy Digitally Reconstructed

Siberian Ice Mummy: Unveiling Ancient Tattoo Traditions of Iron Age Siberia

In a groundbreaking fusion of archaeology and modern imaging, scientists have revealed never-before-seen details of ancient tattooing practices in Iron Age Siberia, offering new insight into one of humanity’s oldest forms of body art.

Using high-resolution near-infrared imaging and 3D photogrammetry, researchers have re-examined the preserved tattoos of a 2,500-year-old Pazyryk mummy from the Altai Mountains. The tattoos, hidden beneath layers of mummified skin and centuries of degradation, are now being brought back to life—digitally.

A New Look at Ancient Skin

The Pazyryk people, part of the wider Scythian cultural world, are known for their elaborate tombs, intricate artwork, and—for a select few—their richly decorated bodies. Until now, archaeologists relied on hand-drawn interpretations of these tattoos, but this new study has uncovered far more: evidence of multiple tattoo artists, advanced design techniques, and the tools likely used to create them.

“This is the first time we’ve been able to distinguish the hands of different artists on a single body,” said Dr. Gino Caspari, lead researcher from the Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology. “What we’re seeing is not just decoration, but craftsmanship and collaboration.”

Photogrammetrically created 3D model of the female mummy from Pazyryk Tomb 5, showing: A) texture derived from visible-spectrum photographs; B) texture derived from near-infrared photography.
(Figure by M. Vavulin) Credit: Caspari, G., Deter-Wolf, A., Riday, D., Vavulin, M., & Pankova, S. - Antiquity
Photogrammetrically created 3D model of the female mummy from Pazyryk Tomb 5, showing: A) texture derived from visible-spectrum photographs; B) texture derived from near-infrared photography. (Figure by M. Vavulin) Credit: Caspari, G., Deter-Wolf, A., Riday, D., Vavulin, M., & Pankova, S. – Antiquity

Technological Breakthroughs Rewrite Tattoo History

The team applied near-infrared photography to reveal pigment embedded deep in the skin layers—details previously invisible to the naked eye. Paired with experimental tattooing techniques, the data shows that multi-point and single-point tools were used, debunking older theories that ancient tattoos were applied only by stitching or incision.

One arm features complex animal motifs, such as deer and tigers, arranged with striking anatomical accuracy and perspective—suggesting a seasoned artist. The other arm’s simpler lines may have been inked by an apprentice or a different artist entirely.

Living Ink, Lost in Death

Perhaps most revealing, researchers found that post-mortem burial incisions sliced through the tattoos with no apparent effort to preserve them—indicating these images held meaning only for the living.

“There’s no sign the tattoos had religious or afterlife significance,” Caspari explained. “They were part of identity, status, maybe storytelling—but once the person died, that chapter closed.”

An illustration of the tattoo on the woman's left forearm revealed in new scans. Credit: Daniel Riday
An illustration of the tattoo on the woman’s left forearm revealed in new scans. Credit: Daniel Riday

Ink of the Ancients, Lessons for Today

The Pazyryk used carbon-based pigments—likely soot—mirroring tattoo traditions around the globe. Despite the millennia that separate modern artists from their Siberian ancestors, the tools, techniques, and intentions behind these tattoos offer a striking sense of continuity.

As climate change threatens the frozen tombs that preserved these remains for centuries, researchers stress the urgency of digital preservation. This study is not just about understanding the past—it’s about saving it.

Caspari, G., Deter-Wolf, A., Riday, D., Vavulin, M., & Pankova, S. (2025). High-resolution near-infrared data reveal Pazyryk tattooing methods. Antiquity, 1–15. doi:10.15184/aqy.2025.10150

Cover Image Credit: An illustration of the tattoo on the woman’s right forearm revealed in new scans. Credit: Daniel Riday

Related Articles

The Error That Caused II.Ramses to Lose the Battle of Kadesh

5 February 2021

5 February 2021

The Battle of Kadesh between the Hittites and Egyptians in Anatolia, the two superpowers of the Bronze Age period, has...

More than 50 pairs of tweezers found during an excavation of a 2,000-year-old Roman settlement – Romans to blame for no-body-hair trend

31 May 2023

31 May 2023

More than 50 pairs of tweezers were found during the major excavation in Wroxeter City, Shropshire, one of the largest...

Military Team Discovers Remarkable 2,000-Year-Old Celtic Artifacts, Including Chariot Parts and Bridle-Bit

4 February 2025

4 February 2025

Military personnel and veterans at RAF Valley in Anglesey on the island of Anglesey, Wales, have uncovered sensational Iron Age...

An unexpected discovery in Pompeii: A Roman Tomb Reveals the Existence of an Unknown Imperial Position in Hispania

17 July 2024

17 July 2024

Work to create a functional air chamber to evacuate moisture from the underground spaces of the San Paolino building, the...

Unveiling the Secrets of the “Air-Dried Chaplain”: A Unique Mummification Method Discovered in Austria

4 May 2025

4 May 2025

Researchers investigating a remarkably well-preserved mummy discovered in the church crypt of St. Thomas am Blasenstein, a small village in...

More evidence shows Vikings came to North America before Columbus

22 May 2023

22 May 2023

Although the discovery of North America is synonymous with Christopher Columbus, new research reveals that Viking sailors landed on the...

A Rock-Cut Temple and Inscriptions from the Neolithic period discovered in Saudi Arabia

6 August 2022

6 August 2022

In a project led by the Saudi Heritage Commission, a multinational team of archaeologists has discovered an 8,000-year-old archaeological site...

Ancient quarry discovered near Tas-Silġ archaeological complex in Malta

28 May 2023

28 May 2023

The Malta Superintendence of Cultural Heritage announced on Friday that trenching works by the Water Services Corporation had uncovered an...

Artvin Demirkapı/Arılı rock paintings give information about Anatolian Bronze Age Nomadic

14 December 2021

14 December 2021

Rock paintings are material cultural assets that provide us with unique information about the socio-cultural structure, religious beliefs, and rituals,...

Two Deep Ritual Wells Sealed with 3100-year-old Calcium Carbonate Discovered on Greek Island

6 August 2024

6 August 2024

Aerial photographs of the “Kotroni” Lakithra region, strategically located on the island of Cephalonia, west of the Greek mainland, revealed...

Oldest Direct Evidence for Honey Collecting in Africa

18 April 2021

18 April 2021

Honey is an important food source that has been considered a very important healing source in the history of civilizations....

A Small Sandstone Carved With A Viking Ship May Be Oldest Picture Ever Found In Iceland

16 June 2023

16 June 2023

Archaeologists in East Iceland have found a sandstone carved with a Viking ship that may be the oldest picture ever...

Researchers discovered clay tablets with ancient cuneiform writing, a game board, and large structural remains in Kurd Qaburstan

16 January 2025

16 January 2025

Tiffany Earley-Spadoni, associate professor of history at the University of Central Florida (UCF), and a researchers team have made important...

In Pontefract, archaeologists have discovered Neolithic remains

18 June 2021

18 June 2021

Archaeologists working on the site of the former Carleton Furniture factory at Mill Dam Lane in Pontefract, West Yorkshire, England,...

Archaeologists discover a “Seleucid satrap tomb” in the ancient Greek (Seleucids) city of Nahavand in Iran

16 May 2022

16 May 2022

Archaeologists announced on Saturday that they discovered a tomb believed to be the tomb of a Seleucid satrap or general...