1 August 2025 The Future is the Product of the Past

Frozen but Not Forgotten: 2,500-Year-Old Tattoos of Siberian Ice Mummy Digitally Reconstructed

Siberian Ice Mummy: Unveiling Ancient Tattoo Traditions of Iron Age Siberia

In a groundbreaking fusion of archaeology and modern imaging, scientists have revealed never-before-seen details of ancient tattooing practices in Iron Age Siberia, offering new insight into one of humanity’s oldest forms of body art.

Using high-resolution near-infrared imaging and 3D photogrammetry, researchers have re-examined the preserved tattoos of a 2,500-year-old Pazyryk mummy from the Altai Mountains. The tattoos, hidden beneath layers of mummified skin and centuries of degradation, are now being brought back to life—digitally.

A New Look at Ancient Skin

The Pazyryk people, part of the wider Scythian cultural world, are known for their elaborate tombs, intricate artwork, and—for a select few—their richly decorated bodies. Until now, archaeologists relied on hand-drawn interpretations of these tattoos, but this new study has uncovered far more: evidence of multiple tattoo artists, advanced design techniques, and the tools likely used to create them.

“This is the first time we’ve been able to distinguish the hands of different artists on a single body,” said Dr. Gino Caspari, lead researcher from the Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology. “What we’re seeing is not just decoration, but craftsmanship and collaboration.”

Photogrammetrically created 3D model of the female mummy from Pazyryk Tomb 5, showing: A) texture derived from visible-spectrum photographs; B) texture derived from near-infrared photography.
(Figure by M. Vavulin) Credit: Caspari, G., Deter-Wolf, A., Riday, D., Vavulin, M., & Pankova, S. - Antiquity
Photogrammetrically created 3D model of the female mummy from Pazyryk Tomb 5, showing: A) texture derived from visible-spectrum photographs; B) texture derived from near-infrared photography. (Figure by M. Vavulin) Credit: Caspari, G., Deter-Wolf, A., Riday, D., Vavulin, M., & Pankova, S. – Antiquity

Technological Breakthroughs Rewrite Tattoo History

The team applied near-infrared photography to reveal pigment embedded deep in the skin layers—details previously invisible to the naked eye. Paired with experimental tattooing techniques, the data shows that multi-point and single-point tools were used, debunking older theories that ancient tattoos were applied only by stitching or incision.

One arm features complex animal motifs, such as deer and tigers, arranged with striking anatomical accuracy and perspective—suggesting a seasoned artist. The other arm’s simpler lines may have been inked by an apprentice or a different artist entirely.

Living Ink, Lost in Death

Perhaps most revealing, researchers found that post-mortem burial incisions sliced through the tattoos with no apparent effort to preserve them—indicating these images held meaning only for the living.

“There’s no sign the tattoos had religious or afterlife significance,” Caspari explained. “They were part of identity, status, maybe storytelling—but once the person died, that chapter closed.”

An illustration of the tattoo on the woman's left forearm revealed in new scans. Credit: Daniel Riday
An illustration of the tattoo on the woman’s left forearm revealed in new scans. Credit: Daniel Riday

Ink of the Ancients, Lessons for Today

The Pazyryk used carbon-based pigments—likely soot—mirroring tattoo traditions around the globe. Despite the millennia that separate modern artists from their Siberian ancestors, the tools, techniques, and intentions behind these tattoos offer a striking sense of continuity.

As climate change threatens the frozen tombs that preserved these remains for centuries, researchers stress the urgency of digital preservation. This study is not just about understanding the past—it’s about saving it.

Caspari, G., Deter-Wolf, A., Riday, D., Vavulin, M., & Pankova, S. (2025). High-resolution near-infrared data reveal Pazyryk tattooing methods. Antiquity, 1–15. doi:10.15184/aqy.2025.10150

Cover Image Credit: An illustration of the tattoo on the woman’s right forearm revealed in new scans. Credit: Daniel Riday

Related Articles

Artifacts found in Japan could be prototypes of ninja weapons

14 January 2022

14 January 2022

Artifacts discovered in the ruins of structures associated with warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s 1590 Siege of Odawara may be prototypes of...

Archaeologists discovered 130 dwellings around the Ringheiligtum Pömmelte monument “German Stonehenge”

15 June 2021

15 June 2021

Archaeologists have unearthed 130 dwellings at an Early Bronze Age monument in Germany, indicating that the ‘Stonehenge’ was once home...

Citizen scientists discover more than 1,000 new burial mounds in a Dutch archaeological project

29 January 2023

29 January 2023

A Dutch archaeological project in which thousands of amateur sleuths combed specialized maps and high resolution photographs resulted in the...

Ancient Jordanian town referred to as Heshbon in the Old Testament provides insight into regional agricultural history

20 January 2022

20 January 2022

The American archaeologist stated that Tell Hisban, located on the Madaba plains of Jordan, represents the “granary of the empires”....

British archaeologists unearth the 1200-year-old man-made island

13 February 2022

13 February 2022

A team holding excavations and archaeological surveys on the historic Al Sayah Island in Muharraq, Bahrain found that it’s ‘man-made’,...

Shocking Images Appeared As The Waters Recede

8 February 2021

8 February 2021

As the dams recede, the remains of the flooded settlements come to light. This time Kayseri witnessed these images that...

The First Dinosaurs Discovered in Japan From the Late Cretaceous Period

30 April 2021

30 April 2021

Yamatosaurus Izanagii, a new genus, and species of hadrosaur or duck-billed dinosaur have been discovered on one of Japan’s southern...

3,500-Year-Old Tomb of King Thutmose II Discovered: The First Royal Burial Unearthed Since King Tutankhamun

19 February 2025

19 February 2025

Egyptian officials have announced a groundbreaking discovery: the long-lost tomb of King Thutmose II, marking the last of the royal...

‘Nano lime’ protects Nemrut: Throne of the Gods

24 October 2023

24 October 2023

Last year, “nano lime” was filled with syringes to protect the tiny cracks on the large stone statues on Mount...

In the backstage of Smyrna Ancient Theater Latrina found

3 November 2021

3 November 2021

Interesting finds unearthed during the excavations of the 2400-year-old Ancient City of Smyrna in the Aegean region of Turkey continue...

16th-Century Compass Possibly Belonging to Nicolaus Copernicus Unearthed in Poland’s Frombork

8 August 2024

8 August 2024

Researchers have discovered a 16th-century compass that is thought to have been used by astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus in the canonical...

Evidence of a 1500-year-old Byzantine church found on the beach of Ashdod, Israel

22 February 2022

22 February 2022

Recent rain in Israel has unearthed the remains of a marble pillar dating to around 1,500 years ago on a...

Birkleyn Caves is “the Place Where The World Ends”

18 January 2025

18 January 2025

The Birkleyn Caves were known as “the place where the world ends” and as “the place where the water of...

Statue of Roman Emperor Hadrianus found in western Turkey

14 September 2021

14 September 2021

Excavations in the ancient city of Alabanda in the western province of Aydin have uncovered pieces of the statue of...

Hellenistic cremation tomb found in Istanbul’s Haydarpasa excavations

11 April 2022

11 April 2022

A brick tomb belonging to the Hellenistic period (330 BC – 30 BC) was found during the Haydarpaşa excavations, which...

Comments
Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *